结论：选择取决于使用者会不会维护，而不只是性能数字
实心胎与充气胎的性能差异，技术上是清楚的：充气胎滚动阻力低、减震好；实心胎免维护、不会漏气。
但实际选型的决定因素往往不是这些数字，而是使用者能不能维持轮胎的正常状态。 充气胎的优势建立在气压正确的前提上，而气压需要定期检查。如果目标使用者不会做这件事，充气胎的理论优势就兑现不了，甚至可能变成劣势——长期在低气压下使用，滚动阻力比实心胎还大。
逐项对比
| 维度 | 充气胎 | 实心胎 |
|---|---|---|
| 滚动阻力 | 低（气压正确时） | 较高 |
| 减震性能 | 好 | 差 |
| 重量 | 较轻 | 较重 |
| 维护需求 | 需定期检查气压 | 基本免维护 |
| 扎胎风险 | 存在 | 无 |
| 寿命 | 受气压与使用影响 | 通常较长 |
| 更换难度 | 需要工具与技能 | 通常更简单 |
| 成本 | 轮胎便宜但需维护 | 单价高但省维护 |
「减震性能」这一行的影响被低估。 轮胎是轮椅上主要的减震环节，尤其是没有悬挂系统的产品。减震差不只是舒适性问题——持续的振动会传递到使用者身体，对某些使用者是健康问题，也会加速车架和部件的疲劳。
各自适合的场景
充气胎适合： 户外使用为主、路面颠簸、使用距离较长、使用者或照护者有能力维护、对减震有要求的场景。
实心胎适合： 室内使用为主、路面平整、机构或租赁场景（多人使用、维护责任不明确）、使用者无维护能力、对可靠性要求高于舒适性的场景。
中间选项： 免充气的弹性实心胎，试图在两者之间取平衡——比传统实心胎有一定弹性，又不需要充气。性能介于两者之间，成本也介于两者之间。
气压对充气胎性能的影响
这一点值得单独说，因为它决定了充气胎的实际表现：
气压偏低时，轮胎变形增大，滚动阻力明显上升，续航或推行省力程度下降；同时轮胎侧壁反复大变形，寿命缩短；转向响应也会变得迟钝。
气压偏高时，减震效果下降，舒适性变差，抓地面积减小可能影响驱动。
所以标称的续航、推行力数据，都是在标定气压下测的。 使用者达不到这个条件，实测就对不上。这也是续航投诉的常见来源之一。
维护要求的差异
充气胎需要：定期检查气压；检查胎面磨损与侧壁裂纹；备用内胎或补胎工具（户外使用）；知道如何充气。
实心胎需要：检查磨损；检查与轮辋的结合是否松动；注意老化开裂。
说明书里对这两类应当给出不同的维护指引，而不是套用同一段文字。充气胎产品尤其要把气压检查的频次和标定值写清楚，并在轮胎或车架上做标识。
验证时的条件控制
测试涉及轮胎时，条件控制格外重要：
充气胎必须按标定气压。 送检前确认并记录。气压不对，滚动阻力、续航、制动距离的数据全部失真。
记录轮胎的磨损状态。 新胎与磨损后的性能不同。
实心胎注意温度。 部分材料在低温下硬度上升，滚动阻力和减震性能都会变化。
路面条件要一致。 不同测试之间比较时，路面必须相同。
如果产品提供两种轮胎选项，应当分别测量并分别标注，不能只测一种然后标一个数字。
更换与兼容
使用者可能自行更换轮胎，或者从充气胎改成实心胎。这带来两个问题：
尺寸兼容。 轮辋与轮胎要匹配，尺寸不对可能导致脱圈。
性能变化。 更换轮胎类型会改变滚动阻力、减震、甚至整车高度和稳定性。
说明书应当说明允许更换的规格范围，并提示更换轮胎类型对性能的影响。如果某些更换会显著影响安全（比如改变整车高度进而影响稳定性），应当明确禁止。
对整车重量的影响
实心胎通常比充气胎重，四个轮子加起来的差异对手动轮椅并不可忽略——手动轮椅的一个核心卖点就是轻便，尤其是需要搬运上车的场景。
所以轮胎选择还牵动整车重量这项指标。 如果产品以轻量化为卖点，改用实心胎可能使标称重量超出预期，这一点在选型时要一并考虑，标注时也要按实际配置分别说明。
轮辋的配合要求
轮胎性能的发挥依赖轮辋的配合。轮辋尺寸公差、表面状态、锁圈形式都会影响轮胎的安装可靠性和使用表现。
充气胎尤其要注意脱圈风险：气压过低加上侧向力，轮胎可能从轮辋上脱出。这在转弯或横向受力时可能发生，后果严重。验证时应当包含低气压条件下的侧向受力考察。
备件与维修的现实
轮胎是消耗件，使用者迟早要更换。设计时应当考虑：备件是否容易获得、更换是否需要专用工具、普通维修点能否操作。
如果采用特殊规格的轮胎，使用者在当地买不到替换件，可能自行改用不匹配的规格，带来安全风险。采用通用规格虽然在设计上不够「独特」，但对使用者更友好。
使用者告知的重点
对充气胎产品，说明书里要讲清楚三件事：标定气压是多少、多久检查一次、气压不足会带来什么后果。
第三条尤其重要。 只写「请保持标定气压」，使用者不知道为什么要在意；说明气压不足会让续航下降、推行更费力、轮胎更快损坏，遵守的意愿就高得多。把后果讲清楚，比单纯给一条指令有效。
我们的做法
做涉及轮胎的测试时，我们会记录轮胎类型、规格、气压（充气胎）、以及磨损状态，并在报告中体现。这几项不记录，数据在不同时间或不同机构之间就没有可比性。
对于提供两种轮胎选项的产品，建议分别做滚动阻力和续航（或推行力）测试，得到两组数据。这样标注时可以分别说明，使用者选择时也有依据。
有需要可以把轮胎配置和目标使用场景发过来一起确定测试方案，或者直接联系：132 4819 8029。检测能力见服务介绍，产品分类见手动轮椅检测与代步车检测，标准信息见标准查询。
English version
Conclusion. The technical difference between pneumatic and solid tyres is clear: pneumatic tyres roll with less resistance and cushion better, while solid tyres need no maintenance and cannot deflate. What usually decides the choice in practice, however, is not those figures but whether the user can keep the tyres in proper condition. The advantage of pneumatic tyres depends on correct pressure, and pressure needs checking. Where the intended user will not do that, the theoretical advantage never materialises and may invert, since a chronically underinflated pneumatic tyre rolls worse than a solid one.
Comparison. Pneumatic tyres offer low rolling resistance at correct pressure, good cushioning, lower weight, a puncture risk, life dependent on pressure and use, replacement requiring tools and skill, and low tyre cost offset by maintenance. Solid tyres offer higher rolling resistance, poor cushioning, greater weight, essentially no maintenance, no puncture risk, generally longer life, usually simpler replacement, and a higher unit price offset by maintenance savings.
The cushioning difference is underestimated. Tyres are the principal cushioning element on a wheelchair, particularly on products without suspension. Poor cushioning is not only a comfort matter: sustained vibration transmits to the occupant, which is a health concern for some users, and it accelerates fatigue in the frame and components.
Where each suits. Pneumatic tyres suit mainly outdoor use, rough surfaces, longer distances, users or carers able to maintain them, and situations where cushioning matters. Solid tyres suit mainly indoor use, smooth surfaces, institutional or rental settings where several people share a chair and maintenance responsibility is unclear, users unable to maintain tyres, and situations prioritising reliability over comfort. An intermediate option is the flexible non-pneumatic tyre, which provides some compliance without inflation, sitting between the two in both performance and cost.
Pressure and pneumatic performance. This deserves separate mention because it determines what pneumatic tyres actually deliver. Low pressure increases deformation, raising rolling resistance noticeably and reducing range or increasing pushing effort; repeated large sidewall deflection shortens tyre life; and steering response becomes sluggish. High pressure reduces cushioning and comfort and shrinks the contact patch, which may affect traction. Published range and pushing effort figures are measured at the specified pressure, so a user who does not maintain it will not reproduce them, which is a common source of range complaints.
Maintenance differences. Pneumatic tyres need periodic pressure checks, inspection of tread wear and sidewall cracking, a spare tube or repair kit for outdoor use, and the knowledge to inflate them. Solid tyres need wear inspection, checking that the tyre remains secure on the rim, and attention to age cracking. Instructions should give different guidance for each rather than reusing one paragraph, and for pneumatic products should state the check interval and the specified pressure clearly, with marking on the tyre or frame.
Controlling conditions during testing. Pneumatic tyres must be at the specified pressure, confirmed and recorded before testing, since incorrect pressure distorts rolling resistance, range and braking distance alike. Record tyre wear state, since new and worn tyres perform differently. For solid tyres note temperature, since some compounds harden when cold, altering both rolling resistance and cushioning. And keep the surface identical when comparing between tests. Where a product offers both tyre options, measure and publish both rather than testing one and quoting a single figure.
Replacement and compatibility. Users may change tyres themselves or convert from pneumatic to solid, which raises two issues. Size compatibility, since rim and tyre must match or the tyre may unseat. And performance change, since converting alters rolling resistance, cushioning and possibly overall height and stability. Instructions should state the permitted size range and note the performance implications of changing tyre type, and should prohibit changes that would materially affect safety, such as altering overall height enough to affect stability.
How we handle it. For any test involving tyres we record type, size, pressure where applicable and wear state, and report them, because without these the data are not comparable across time or between laboratories. Where a product offers two tyre options we suggest measuring rolling resistance and range or pushing effort for both, producing two datasets so that claims can distinguish them and users have a basis for choosing.
Send us the tyre configuration and intended use and we will define the approach. Phone or WeChat: +86 132 4819 8029.