结论：卫浴环境是最严苛的使用场景之一

坐便椅、洗澡椅、浴凳这类产品的使用环境有几个特点叠加：地面湿滑、使用者身体湿滑且可能赤脚、环境潮湿导致材料劣化、经常接触清洁剂和沐浴用品、以及使用者在转移过程中处于不稳定状态。

这几个因素叠在一起，构成了对产品最严苛的要求之一。而这类产品往往价格低、被当成简单产品，测试也相应简化。结果是卫浴环境中的跌倒事故并不少见。

潮湿环境的影响

对防滑的影响。 干燥时摩擦系数合格的材料，潮湿时可能明显下降。而实际使用中，地面和脚底都是湿的，还可能有沐浴露残留。

对材料的影响。 长期潮湿使金属腐蚀、塑料老化加速、发泡材料吸水、木制件变形。

对连接的影响。 螺栓锈蚀、粘接失效、卡扣塑料脆化。

对清洁的影响。 潮湿加上有机物残留容易滋生霉菌，结构上的缝隙难以清洁。

所有考察项目都应当在潮湿条件下做一遍，而不是只在干燥条件下测完就结束。

防滑评价的做法

防滑涉及两个界面，要分开考察：

界面 考察内容 条件
脚垫与地面 产品会不会滑移 湿瓷砖、有沐浴露
坐面与使用者 使用者会不会滑落 湿润、可能有沐浴露

脚垫与地面。 测量在湿润瓷砖上的静摩擦和滑移阻力。建议加测有沐浴露残留的情况，因为这是实际中最滑的状态。测试时产品要加载，空载测的结果与实际不同。

坐面与使用者。 坐面的防滑决定使用者会不会从座位上滑落。测试时用模拟皮肤的材料在湿润条件下评价。

两个界面都要测，因为它们的失效后果不同 ——产品滑移可能导致使用者失去支撑；使用者从坐面滑落是另一种跌倒方式。

承重考察的要点

静载。 按额定载荷的规定倍数，在坐面中心和偏心位置分别加载。

偏心载荷。 使用者转移时重量集中在座位一侧，这个工况比中心加载更严。坐便椅还要考虑使用者侧身、前倾的姿势。

扶手载荷。 使用者依靠扶手起身时，扶手承受向下和向外的力。这是高频工况，也是扶手失效的主要原因。

靠背载荷。 向后依靠的力。

动态载荷。 使用者坐下时的冲击，比静态体重大。

耐久。 反复坐下起身的循环，之后复测强度和稳定性。

扶手是这类产品的薄弱环节，因为它承受的力大、位置远离支撑点、而且使用者依靠扶手是最需要它可靠的时刻。建议单独做扶手的强度和耐久验证。

稳定性

四脚着地的可靠性。 地面不平时是否有一脚悬空，导致晃动。可调脚的设计有助于适应不平地面。

倾翻。 侧向推力、前倾、后仰各方向的倾翻阈值。

转移过程中的稳定性。 使用者从轮椅转移到洗澡椅的过程中，会有较大的侧向力。

在湿滑地面上的稳定性。 干地面上不倾翻的产品，湿地面上可能先滑移后倾翻。

最后一条把防滑和稳定性联系起来 ——在湿滑地面上，滑移往往是倾翻的前置环节。所以稳定性试验也应当在湿滑条件下做一次。

材料与结构建议

材料层面： 金属件用耐腐蚀材料或做有效的表面处理；避免吸水的发泡材料；塑料件考虑耐清洁剂和耐热水；脚垫材料选择湿态摩擦性能好的。

结构层面： 避免积水的凹槽和盲孔；便于排水；减少难以清洁的缝隙；连接件考虑防松和防腐；坐面开口设计要兼顾功能和承重。

可维护性： 脚垫应当可单独更换，因为它是磨损最快的部件；螺栓等紧固件应当便于检查和紧固。

「脚垫可更换」这一点实际价值很高。 脚垫磨损后防滑性能下降，而整椅还好好的。如果脚垫不能更换，使用者会继续用滑的椅子。

说明书上的要点

应当写清楚：额定载荷；适用的地面条件；使用前的检查（脚垫是否磨损、螺栓是否松动、四脚是否着地）；清洁方法；转移时的注意事项；以及脚垫的更换周期和订购方式。

「使用前检查四脚是否着地」这一条很实用，因为地面不平或者脚垫磨损不均会导致晃动，而晃动是跌倒的前兆。

清洁与卫生的考察

这类产品直接接触身体，且在潮湿环境中使用，卫生方面的要求比一般产品高：

表面可清洁性。 有无难以清洁的凹槽、缝隙、织物覆盖。

排水设计。 结构中是否有积水的位置，积水会滋生微生物。

消毒剂耐受。 反复使用消毒剂后材料是否劣化。机构使用的产品这一项尤其重要。

可拆洗部件。 便盆、坐垫等应当便于拆卸清洗。

抗菌处理的实际效果。 如果产品宣称抗菌，要有相应的验证数据，并说明耐久性——抗菌整理在反复清洁后可能失效。

「积水位置」在结构设计中值得专门检查一遍。 管件端口、凹陷的螺栓孔、折叠关节的缝隙都可能积水，而这些位置使用者看不到也清洁不到。

折叠与便携机型的额外考察

部分产品可折叠，便于收纳或旅行携带。这类机型要额外关注：

展开状态的锁定可靠性。 使用中意外折叠的后果严重。

折叠机构在潮湿环境中的耐久。 关节锈蚀会导致操作困难或锁定失效。

反复折叠后的结构强度。 折叠循环之后复测承重和稳定性。

展开是否到位的可辨识性。 未完全展开就使用是常见的误用方式，设计上应当有明确的到位提示。

最后一条建议用声音或视觉反馈实现，比在说明书里提醒更可靠。

我们的做法

做这类产品测试时，我们把所有与安全相关的项目都在潮湿条件下做一遍，包括防滑、稳定性和承重后的复测。 干燥条件下的数据不能代表卫浴环境。

防滑测试我们建议加测有清洁剂或沐浴露残留的条件，这是实际中最不利的状态，也是事故最容易发生的状态。

如果你有卫浴类辅具需要安排测试，想先理清项目和条件，可以把产品资料发过来一起讨论，或者直接联系：132 4819 8029。检测能力见服务介绍，产品分类见手动轮椅检测与电动轮椅检测，案例见案例。

English version

Conclusion. Commode chairs, shower chairs and bath stools operate in an environment where several demanding factors coincide: a slippery floor, a user whose body is wet and who may be barefoot, humidity that degrades materials, frequent contact with cleaning agents and toiletries, and a user who is unstable during transfers. Together these make it one of the most demanding applications a product can face. Yet such products are typically inexpensive, treated as simple, and tested accordingly. Falls in the bathroom environment are, unsurprisingly, not rare.

Effects of the wet environment. On slip resistance: a material with an acceptable dry coefficient of friction may fall markedly when wet, and in real use both floor and feet are wet with shower gel residue likely present. On materials: prolonged humidity corrodes metal, accelerates plastic ageing, saturates foam and distorts timber. On connections: bolts corrode, adhesive bonds fail and plastic clips embrittle. And on cleaning: moisture plus organic residue encourages mould, while structural crevices are hard to clean. Every assessment item should therefore be repeated under wet conditions rather than concluded after dry testing alone.

Assessing slip resistance. Two interfaces are involved and must be assessed separately. Between feet and floor, the question is whether the product slides, assessed on wet tile and ideally with shower gel residue, which is the most slippery real condition; test with the product loaded, since unloaded results differ from reality. Between seat and user, the question is whether the user slides off the seat, assessed with a skin-simulating material under wet conditions. Both matter because the consequences differ: a sliding product removes the user's support, while sliding off the seat is a different mode of fall.

Load-bearing assessment. Static loading applies a specified multiple of rated load, at the seat centre and off-centre. Eccentric loading reflects weight concentrated to one side during transfer and is more demanding than central loading; commode chairs must also consider a user leaning sideways or forward. Armrest loading reflects a user pushing up to stand, imposing downward and outward force; it is high-frequency and the main cause of armrest failure. Backrest loading reflects leaning back. Dynamic loading reflects the impact of sitting down, which exceeds static weight. And durability cycling of sitting and standing is followed by re-measurement of strength and stability. Armrests are the weak point in these products, because the force is high, the position is remote from the supports, and the moment a user leans on an armrest is exactly when it must hold. Verify armrest strength and durability separately.

Stability. Reliable contact on four feet matters, since an uneven floor may leave one foot clear and the product rocking; adjustable feet help accommodate uneven floors. Tipping thresholds must be assessed laterally, forward and rearward. Stability during transfer matters, since moving from a wheelchair to a shower chair generates substantial lateral force. And stability on a wet floor must be assessed, since a product that does not tip on dry ground may slide first and then tip. The last links slip resistance and stability: on a wet floor, sliding is frequently the precursor to tipping, so stability testing should also be run in wet conditions.

Material and structural recommendations. On materials: use corrosion-resistant metals or effective surface treatment; avoid water-absorbing foams; select plastics resistant to cleaning agents and hot water; and choose foot materials with good wet friction. On structure: avoid recesses and blind holes that hold water; provide drainage; minimise crevices that resist cleaning; specify fasteners resistant to loosening and corrosion; and design seat apertures to balance function against load-bearing. On maintainability: make feet separately replaceable, since they wear fastest, and make fasteners easy to inspect and tighten. Replaceable feet carry real value: once worn, they lose grip while the chair itself remains sound, and if they cannot be replaced the user carries on with a chair that slips.

Instructions. State the rated load, suitable floor conditions, pre-use checks covering foot wear, fastener tightness and whether all four feet contact the floor, cleaning methods, precautions during transfer, and the replacement interval and ordering details for the feet. The pre-use check that all four feet contact the floor is genuinely useful, since an uneven floor or unevenly worn feet cause rocking, and rocking precedes falling.

How we handle it. For these products we run every safety-related item under wet conditions as well, including slip resistance, stability and re-measurement after load testing, since dry-condition data do not represent the bathroom. For slip testing we suggest adding a condition with cleaning agent or shower gel residue, which is the least favourable real state and the one in which accidents most often occur.

Send us the product information and we will map the items and conditions. Phone or WeChat: +86 132 4819 8029.