手动护理床的机械安全考察

结论：少了电气部分，机械和使用者安全的要求不变

手动护理床通过摇杆或者气弹簧实现调节，没有电机和控制系统。这减少了电气安全和电磁兼容的项目，但机械安全、稳定性、夹持风险这些与使用者直接相关的项目，要求与电动床是一样的。

实务中有一种倾向：把手动床当成简单产品，测试项目大幅简化。这个做法在机械安全上是有风险的——使用者面临的机械风险不因为没有电机而减少。

结构强度的考察

床体要承受的载荷包括：使用者体重；护理操作时的附加载荷（照护人员倚靠、翻身时的动态力）；使用者在床边坐起时的偏心载荷；以及移动床体时的冲击。

部位	载荷特点	关注点
床面框架	均布载荷为主	变形量、焊缝
背板与腿板	折起时受弯	铰接处强度
升降立柱	压缩与偏心	屈曲、导向磨损
护栏	侧向推力、依靠	固定强度、变形
脚轮与底座	冲击、偏载	焊缝、轮架强度

偏心载荷是容易被低估的工况。 使用者在床边坐起时，载荷集中在床面一侧，对框架和升降机构产生的力矩与均布载荷完全不同。测试时应当包含这个工况。

摇杆机构的考察

摇杆是手动床的特有部件，几个要点：

操作力。 摇动所需的力要在照护人员可承受的范围内，且在有使用者体重的加载状态下测量。空床测的操作力没有意义。

自锁性。 松开摇杆后机构应当保持位置，不能自行回落。这是安全项——回落会造成使用者姿态突变甚至伤害。

耐久。 摇动循环的次数按预期使用频次设定，加载状态下进行。耐久后要复测操作力和自锁性。

收纳。 摇杆不用时应当能收起，否则突出的摇杆是绊倒和碰撞的隐患。收纳状态的可靠性也要验证。

摇杆的手柄。 长时间摇动对手部有负荷，手柄的形状和材料影响操作舒适度。

自锁性在耐久后的保持是重点。 新床自锁良好，磨损之后可能出现缓慢回落，而这个变化是渐进的，使用中不容易察觉。

护栏的考察

护栏的功能是防止使用者坠床，同时不能造成夹持风险。考察内容包括：

强度。 承受使用者依靠、推压的力，不应变形或脱开。

锁定可靠性。 升起状态下的锁定不应被意外解除。

间隙。 护栏内部、护栏与床面之间、护栏与床头床尾之间的各处间隙，都要评价夹持风险。

操作力。 照护人员升降护栏所需的力要合理。

高度。 相对床垫上表面的有效高度决定了防坠效果，应当按配套床垫评价。

最后一条与床垫直接相关。 床垫越厚，护栏的有效高度越低，防坠效果越差。说明书应当规定适配的床垫厚度上限。

脚轮的考察

护理床的脚轮承载大、移动频次低，与轮椅脚轮的工况不同：

承载能力。 按满载状态下的单轮最大载荷验证。

制动可靠性。 制动后床体不应移动，包括受到推力时。这是安全项——护理操作时床体移动很危险。

制动的操作。 用脚操作的制动踏板位置和力度要合理。

地面适应性。 在常见的医院和居家地面上的滚动性能。

长期静载下的变形。 护理床多数时间静止，脚轮在同一位置长期受压，轮子可能产生永久变形，之后滚动不平顺。这一项建议验证。

与电动床的测试异同

相同的部分： 尺寸与间隙、夹持风险、机械强度、机械耐久、稳定性、护栏相关、脚轮相关、清洁耐受。

不同的部分： 手动床不涉及电气安全、电磁兼容、控制功能、断电应急；但增加摇杆机构的操作力、自锁性、耐久。

所以项目总数少一些，但机械和安全相关的核心项目完全一致。 简化测试时应当简化的是电气相关项目，而不是机械安全项目。

说明书上的要点

手动床的说明书应当包含：适配床垫的尺寸与厚度上限；摇杆的正确操作方式；护栏的正确使用与限制；脚轮制动的使用；日常检查的要点；以及载荷限制。

「日常检查要点」建议具体化：查摇杆是否有回落迹象、查护栏锁定是否可靠、查脚轮制动是否有效、查连接处有无松动。这几项照护人员每天都能看，发现问题比等失效要好。

气弹簧机构的考察

部分手动床用气弹簧代替摇杆，这类机构的考察点不同：

支撑力的保持。 气弹簧会随时间和循环次数泄漏，支撑力下降。下降到一定程度后，背板可能无法保持角度或者抬起费力。

操作力。 抬起和放下所需的力，要在加载状态下测。

阻尼特性。 放下时应当有阻尼，避免快速落下造成冲击或夹伤。

耐久后的复测。 循环若干次后重新测支撑力和操作力，看衰减幅度。

低温性能。 气弹簧在低温下输出力变化，寒冷环境使用要验证。

支撑力衰减是气弹簧机构的主要失效模式，且它是渐进的，使用者通常在明显抬不动时才发现。建议通过耐久测试得出衰减曲线，据此给出更换周期建议。

与转运和存放相关的考察

护理床在交付、转运、存放过程中会经历一些整机测试之外的工况：

折叠或拆装状态下的结构。 部分产品可以折叠或拆装，这些状态下的结构稳定性和搬运安全要考虑。

包装与运输。 运输过程中的振动和冲击可能造成损伤，而损伤未必在外观上明显。

长期存放。 存放期间的静载变形、润滑流失、橡胶件老化。

再次使用前的检查。 机构周转使用的产品，每次重新投用前应当检查哪些项目，说明书里可以给出清单。

最后一条对机构客户有实际价值，因为周转使用是机构市场的常态。

我们的做法

承接手动护理床的委托时，我们会按与电动床相同的口径安排机械安全项目，并额外关注摇杆机构的自锁性——特别是耐久之后的自锁性保持情况。

评价护栏和夹持风险时，同样要求提供配套床垫，按实际使用状态评价。

如果你有手动护理床需要安排检测，想先理清项目范围，可以把产品资料发过来一起讨论，或者直接联系：132 4819 8029。检测能力见服务介绍，产品分类见手动轮椅检测与电动轮椅检测，案例见案例。

English version

Conclusion. Manual care beds adjust by crank handle or gas spring, with no motor or control system. That removes electrical safety and electromagnetic compatibility items, while mechanical safety, stability and entrapment risk, which bear directly on the user, carry the same requirements as for powered beds. A tendency exists in practice to treat manual beds as simple products and cut the test programme substantially. On mechanical safety that is risky: the mechanical hazards facing the user do not diminish because there is no motor.

Structural strength. The bed carries the user's weight, additional loading during care operations including a carer leaning on it and dynamic forces during repositioning, eccentric loading when the user sits on the edge, and impact when the bed is moved. The platform frame sees mainly distributed load, with deflection and welds the concern. Backrest and leg sections see bending when folded, with hinge strength the concern. Lift columns see compression and eccentricity, with buckling and guide wear the concern. Side rails see lateral push and leaning, with mounting strength and deformation the concern. Castors and base see impact and offset load, with welds and castor fork strength the concern. Eccentric loading is the condition most often underestimated: when the user sits on the edge, load concentrates on one side and the moment imposed on frame and lift mechanism differs entirely from distributed loading. Include that condition in testing.

The crank mechanism. Several points matter on this feature specific to manual beds. Operating force must lie within what a carer can manage, and must be measured under load with the user's weight present, since force measured on an empty bed means nothing. Self-locking must hold position when the handle is released, without creeping down; this is a safety item, since descent alters the user's posture abruptly and can cause injury. Durability cycling is set from expected use frequency and performed under load, with operating force and self-locking re-measured afterwards. Stowage must be possible, since a protruding handle is a trip and impact hazard, and the reliability of the stowed state also needs verifying. And the handle itself imposes load on the hand during prolonged cranking, so its shape and material affect comfort. Retention of self-locking after durability cycling is the key point: a new bed locks well, and after wear it may creep slowly, a gradual change not easily noticed in use.

Side rails. Their function is to prevent the user falling from the bed without creating entrapment risk. Strength must withstand leaning and pushing without deforming or detaching. Locking must not release inadvertently when raised. Gaps within the rail, between rail and platform, and between rail and head or foot board must all be assessed for entrapment. Operating force for raising and lowering must be reasonable. And effective height above the mattress surface determines protection, so it must be assessed with the matching mattress. That last point ties directly to the mattress: the thicker it is, the lower the effective rail height and the weaker the protection, so the instructions should specify a maximum mattress thickness.

Castors. Care bed castors carry heavy loads and move infrequently, a different duty from wheelchair castors. Load capacity is verified at the maximum per-castor load when fully loaded. Braking reliability must hold the bed still, including when pushed; this is a safety item, since a bed moving during care operations is hazardous. Brake operation requires the pedal to be sensibly positioned and weighted for foot use. Floor compatibility covers rolling performance on common hospital and domestic floors. And deformation under sustained static load deserves verification, since care beds stand still most of the time, the castors are loaded in one position for long periods, wheels can take a permanent set, and rolling then becomes uneven.

Comparison with powered beds. Shared items are dimensions and gaps, entrapment risk, mechanical strength, mechanical durability, stability, side rail items, castor items and cleaning tolerance. Differing items are that manual beds involve no electrical safety, electromagnetic compatibility, control function or power failure provisions, while adding crank operating force, self-locking and crank durability. The total is smaller, but the core mechanical and safety items are identical. What should be cut when simplifying is the electrical work, not the mechanical safety work.

Instructions. Cover the size and maximum thickness of compatible mattresses, correct operation of the crank, correct use and limitations of the side rails, use of the castor brakes, daily check points, and load limits. Make the daily checks specific: whether the crank shows signs of creep, whether the rail locks reliably, whether the castor brakes hold, and whether connections have loosened. A carer can look at these every day, and finding a problem beats waiting for failure.

How we handle it. For manual care beds we scope mechanical safety items to the same specification as for powered beds, with extra attention to self-locking of the crank mechanism and particularly its retention after durability cycling. As with powered beds, we ask for the matching mattress when assessing side rails and entrapment so that assessment reflects actual use.

Send us the product information and we will scope the items. Phone or WeChat: +86 132 4819 8029.